Evaluating Groundwater Levels for Long Term Stability

Evaluating Groundwater Levels for Long Term Stability

* Evaluating Soil Issues Affecting Foundation Stability

* Understanding the Connection Between Groundwater and Foundation Problems.


Okay, so we're talking about groundwater and how it messes with our house foundations, right? Foundation drainage solutions help prevent water-related damage foundation crack repair service safety. It's not something most people think about until they see a crack or a sag, but trust me, understanding the link is key to keeping your home happy (and upright!).

Think of your house's foundation like a ship at sea. A stable sea level (or in this case, groundwater level) is fine. But imagine the tide constantly going in and out, soaking the ship's hull and then drying it out. That constant wet-dry cycle is what kills a foundation.

When groundwater levels fluctuate, the soil around your foundation expands when it's wet and shrinks when it's dry. This isn't a uniform process, mind you. Some areas will expand more than others, putting uneven pressure on the foundation. Over time, this leads to cracks, settling, and all sorts of structural headaches.

Now, when we're talking about "Evaluating Groundwater Levels for Long Term Stability," we're basically trying to predict the tide. We want to know if the groundwater level is generally stable, or if it's prone to wild swings. This involves looking at things like rainfall patterns, soil types, drainage, and even nearby bodies of water. Knowing this helps us determine the risk to your foundation.

If the evaluation shows unstable groundwater, there are things you can do. Improving drainage around the house, installing a sump pump, or even reinforcing the foundation itself can help mitigate the risks. It's all about understanding the problem and taking proactive steps to protect your home. Ignoring it just means bigger, more expensive problems down the road. So, pay attention to the water; your foundation will thank you.

* Assessing Local Hydrogeology & Historical Groundwater Data.


Okay, so we're talking about groundwater levels, right? And trying to figure out if they're going to stick around for the long haul. You can't just wave a magic wand and say "yep, looks stable!" You've got to dig in – literally and figuratively. That's where "Assessing Local Hydrogeology & Historical Groundwater Data" comes into play.

Think of it like this: the hydrogeology is the lay of the land, but underground. What kind of rocks and soils are there? Are they porous, like a sponge, letting water flow easily? Or are they tight and impermeable, like clay, blocking the flow? Knowing the hydrogeology tells you *how* water moves in the area. Is there a big aquifer under your feet, a smaller perched one, or just a bunch of disconnected pockets? This is crucial because it dictates how quickly the groundwater can recharge (be refilled) and how easily it can be depleted.

Then there's the historical groundwater data. This is like looking at the patient's medical history. You need to know what the water levels have been doing over time. Are they trending downwards over the past decade? Have there been significant drops during droughts, and how quickly do they recover? Are there seasonal fluctuations? This historical data gives you a sense of the *pattern* of groundwater levels, showing you how they respond to rainfall, pumping, and other influences.

Putting these two pieces together – the hydrogeology and the historical data – lets you paint a much clearer picture. You can start to understand *why* the water levels are behaving the way they are. Maybe the aquifer is naturally slow to recharge because of the surrounding geology, or maybe heavy pumping for irrigation is causing a long-term decline. Without both pieces of information, you're just guessing. You're essentially trying to predict the future of something you don't fully understand. By carefully analyzing this data, you can make a much more informed assessment of the long-term stability of those groundwater levels. It's not a perfect crystal ball, but it's the best tool we've got.

* Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Groundwater Levels.


Okay, so we're talking about keeping an eye on groundwater levels, right? Making sure they're not just randomly bouncing around, but staying relatively stable over the long haul. That means we need ways to actually *measure* and *monitor* what's going on down there. It's not like you can just stick a ruler in the dirt and call it a day.

The most common method, and probably the one you'll hear about most often, involves wells – observation wells, specifically. These are like dedicated listening posts drilled into the aquifer. You can lower a water level meter down the well to get a reading. Some meters are simple, like a weighted tape that beeps when it hits the water. Others are fancier pressure transducers that continuously record the water level and can even transmit the data wirelessly. Think of it like having a tiny submarine sending back reports on the water level, only it's stuck in a well.

Now, just taking a single measurement isn't going to tell you much about long-term trends. That's where *monitoring* comes in. Monitoring means taking regular measurements over time – weeks, months, even years. Ideally, you'd want a network of these observation wells strategically placed across the area you're interested in. That gives you a comprehensive picture, not just a single data point.

Beyond wells, there are also indirect methods. For example, we can look at surface water features like springs and streams. If a spring dries up or a stream's flow decreases significantly, it could be a sign that the groundwater level is dropping. It's not a direct measurement, but it's a clue. Also, satellite-based techniques like GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) can detect changes in groundwater storage over large areas. These are great for getting a regional overview, though they might not provide the fine-grained detail you get from individual wells.

The key takeaway is that effective groundwater monitoring is about combining different methods to get a complete and accurate picture. It's not just about the tools themselves, but also about how you use them – where you place your wells, how often you take measurements, and how you interpret the data. And that data, properly analyzed, is what allows us to assess whether groundwater levels are indeed stable, or if we need to start worrying about things like over-pumping or climate change impacts. It's a vital piece of the puzzle for managing this precious resource sustainably.

* Identifying Fluctuations and Trends in Groundwater.


Do not use any bullet points. Do not use any numbered lists.

Okay, so you're looking at groundwater levels, right? Trying to figure out if things are stable for the long haul. That's where "Identifying Fluctuations and Trends in Groundwater" comes into play. Think of it like this: groundwater isn't just sitting still. It's breathing, in a way. Levels go up and down, responding to rainfall, pumping, even the seasons. Just like watching the stock market, you can't just look at one day's number and declare success or failure. You need to see the bigger picture.

Identifying fluctuations means understanding those ups and downs. Are they small, normal variations, or are we talking about dramatic swings? Big dips after a dry summer are expected, but consistently lower levels year after year? That's a red flag. Trends are the long-term direction things are moving in. Is the water table slowly but surely declining, or is it holding steady, maybe even rising? Figuring this out is key to knowing if your groundwater resource is sustainable.

How do you do it? Well, you need data. Lots of it. Regular measurements of water levels over time, preferably many years. Then you start looking for patterns. Are there seasonal cycles? Are there periods of drought or heavy rainfall that clearly impact the levels? Are there any long-term changes that can't be explained by natural variability? Maybe increased pumping is the culprit, or perhaps land use changes are affecting recharge.

Ultimately, identifying these fluctuations and trends is crucial because it helps you predict the future. If you see a clear downward trend, you can take action to prevent further decline. Maybe you need to reduce pumping, implement water conservation measures, or find alternative water sources. Ignoring these signals is like ignoring a leaky faucet – it might not seem like much at first, but it can lead to serious problems down the road. So, pay attention to the fluctuations and trends. They're telling you a story about the health and stability of your groundwater.

* Interpreting Groundwater Data for Foundation Stability Risk.


Okay, let's talk about groundwater and why it matters when we're building stuff that's supposed to stay put for a long time. Imagine trying to build a sandcastle at the beach. If the sand is dry, it crumbles. If it's soaking wet, it's a gloopy mess. The sweet spot is that just-right dampness, right? Well, the ground our buildings sit on is kinda the same way, and groundwater is the moisture content we need to pay serious attention to.

When we're evaluating long-term stability of a building's foundation, ignoring groundwater is like forgetting to bring sunscreen to the beach – you're gonna regret it. We need to get our hands dirty with "Interpreting Groundwater Data for Foundation Stability Risk." What does that mean? It's about understanding what the water under our feet is doing. Is the water table high, meaning the ground is constantly saturated? Is it fluctuating wildly with the seasons, like a tide coming in and out? Or is it relatively stable, a nice, consistent dampness?

The thing is, all that groundwater data – those measurements from wells, those soil samples, those fancy computer models – it's just numbers until we interpret them. We need to figure out if the water is going to cause problems. High water tables can weaken the soil, making it less able to support the building's weight. Fluctuations can cause expansion and contraction, leading to cracks in the foundation. And chemical reactions between the groundwater and the foundation materials can lead to corrosion and deterioration over time.

So, interpreting groundwater data isn't just about looking at numbers. It's about painting a picture of what's happening underground and predicting how that picture will change over the long haul. It's about understanding the risk to our foundations and making smart decisions to mitigate that risk. It's the difference between a sandcastle that stands tall for the whole afternoon, and one that collapses with the next wave. Ultimately, it's about making sure that the buildings we build today are still standing strong for generations to come.

* Implementing Preventative Measures and Mitigation Techniques.


Evaluating groundwater levels for long-term stability isn't just about knowing how high or low the water table is today. It's about understanding the *future* of that precious resource. And that's where "implementing preventative measures and mitigation techniques" comes into play. Think of it like this: you've just gotten a weather report predicting a drought. Do you sit around and hope it doesn't happen, or do you start conserving water and preparing for the worst? Groundwater management is the same principle.

Preventative measures are the proactive steps we take to avoid problems in the first place. This might include things like carefully managing land use in recharge zones, restricting groundwater pumping in vulnerable areas, or promoting water-efficient irrigation practices. The goal is to maintain a healthy balance between water extraction and natural replenishment. It's about sustainable use, ensuring that future generations have access to this vital resource. Imagine a farmer switching to drip irrigation instead of flood irrigation. That's a preventative measure – using water more efficiently to reduce overall demand on the aquifer.

Now, even with the best preventative efforts, sometimes things go wrong. Climate change might bring prolonged droughts, or unexpected pollution events could contaminate a water source. That's where mitigation techniques come in. Mitigation is all about lessening the negative impacts of something that's already happening or is likely to happen soon. This might involve things like constructing artificial recharge basins to replenish depleted aquifers, developing alternative water sources (like rainwater harvesting or desalination), or implementing water restrictions during periods of scarcity. Think of it as having a backup plan. If the well starts to dry up, what are you going to do?

Ultimately, effective groundwater management requires a combination of both preventative and mitigation strategies. It's about being both proactive and reactive, anticipating potential problems and having solutions ready to go. It's not a "set it and forget it" situation. It requires continuous monitoring, evaluation, and adaptation to changing conditions. Only then can we truly ensure the long-term stability of our groundwater resources.

* The Role of Drainage Systems in Groundwater Management for Foundations.


Alright, let's talk about keeping our buildings sturdy, specifically how drainage plays a crucial role in managing groundwater and ensuring our foundations stay put for the long haul. Think of your house, or any building, really. Its foundation is its anchor, right? But that anchor can be seriously compromised if it's constantly battling against rising groundwater. That's where drainage systems come in, acting like a vigilant guard against waterlogged woes.

When we're evaluating groundwater levels for long-term stability, we're essentially asking: "Is this foundation going to be swimming in groundwater in five years? Ten years? Fifty?" If the answer is potentially yes, even intermittently, we've got a problem. Excessive groundwater can exert hydrostatic pressure, pushing against foundation walls and floors, leading to cracks, leaks, and even structural failure. It can also contribute to soil instability, causing the ground beneath the foundation to shift and settle unevenly. Not good.

Drainage systems are designed to intercept and redirect this potentially damaging groundwater. Think of French drains, perimeter drains around the foundation, or even more complex systems depending on the site conditions. These systems effectively lower the water table around the foundation, relieving that hydrostatic pressure and preventing water from seeping into the building.

But it's not just about installing a drain and forgetting about it. The long-term stability hinges on properly designed, installed, and *maintained* drainage systems. We need to consider things like the permeability of the surrounding soil, the volume of groundwater expected (based on historical data and projected climate changes), and the capacity of the drainage system itself. A poorly designed or clogged drainage system is just as bad – maybe even worse – than having no system at all, because it can create localized areas of concentrated water buildup.

So, when we're evaluating groundwater levels and thinking about long-term foundation stability, the drainage system isn't just an afterthought; it's a key component of the entire equation. It's the unsung hero, quietly working to protect our buildings from the relentless forces of nature. Ignoring its importance is a recipe for costly repairs and potential structural damage down the road. Let's keep our foundations dry and our buildings standing tall!



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Hoffman Estates is located in Illinois
Hoffman Estates
Hoffman Estates
 
Hoffman Estates is located in the United States
Hoffman Estates
Hoffman Estates
 
Hoffman Estates, Illinois
Village
Hoffman Estates scenery
Hoffman Estates scenery
Flag of Hoffman Estates, Illinois
Official seal of Hoffman Estates, Illinois
Motto: 
"Growing to Greatness"
Location of Hoffman Estates in Cook County, Illinois
Location of Hoffman Estates in Cook County, Illinois
Hoffman Estates is located in Chicago metropolitan area
Hoffman Estates
Hoffman Estates
 

Coordinates: 42°03′50″N 88°08′49″W / 42.06389°N 88.14694°W / 42.06389; -88.14694CountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountiesCookTownshipsSchaumburg, Palatine, Hanover, BarringtonIncorporated1959 (village)Government

 

 • MayorWilliam D. McLeod[citation needed] • Village ManagerEric J. Palm[citation needed]Area

[1]
 • Total

21.25 sq mi (55.03 km2) • Land21.07 sq mi (54.56 km2) • Water0.18 sq mi (0.47 km2)  0.86%Elevation

[2]

824 ft (251 m)Population

 (2020)
 • Total

52,530 • Density2,493.71/sq mi (962.82/km2)Zip Code

60169, 60010, 60192

Area code(s)847 / 224FIPS code17-35411GNIS feature ID2398519[2]Websitewww.hoffmanestates.org

Hoffman Estates is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago. Per the 2020 census, the population was 52,530.[3]

The village previously served as the headquarters for Sears and is one of the American headquarters for Mori Seiki. Now Arena, home of the Windy City Bulls of the NBA G League is part of the village. Between 2006 and 2009, the village hosted the Heartland International Tattoo, one of the largest music and dance festivals of its kind in the Midwest.

History

[edit]
Sunderlage Farm Smokehouse[4](National Register of Historic Places) in Hoffman Estates

Prior to the 1940s, German settlers moved into the area west of Roselle Road and north of Golf Road, then known as Wildcat Grove. The area was sparsely populated until farmers purchased land in the area in the 1940s.

In 1954, Sam and Jack Hoffman, owners of a father-son owned construction company, bought 160 acres of land in the area.[5] The pair constructed homes and began the development of the region which now bears their name. As residents moved in, they voted to incorporate the area, and the Village of Hoffman Estates was incorporated on September 23, 1959.[6][5][7] In 1973, six former town officials, including mayors Edward F. Pinger (1959−1965) and Roy L. Jenkins (1965−1969) were indicted on bribery and tax charges.[8]

Once the Northwest Tollway opened, Schaumburg Township became more attractive to Chicago commuters. In the early 1960s, land annexations north of the tollway and in other neighboring regions more than doubled Hoffman Estates' land area.[9]

The opening of the Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg to the east in 1971 made the area a major business center. An attempt to change the name of the village to East Barrington, among other names, was made in the early 1980s but failed upon a residential vote.[10]

In the 1990s, the Prairie Stone Business Park began development. This 750-acre (3.0 km2) planned multi-purpose business park[11] is bounded by Illinois Route 59 on the east, Interstate 90 on the south, Illinois Route 72 on the north, and Beverly Road on the west. The business park came to fruition in 1993 when Sears, Roebuck and Company relocated from the Sears Tower in Chicago to a sprawling headquarters in the northwest part of Prairie Stone.[12][11] That was followed in by Indramat and Quest International, which in 1995 also opened facilities in the park.[13][14][15] Throughout the 1990s, a health and wellness center and child care facility were developed, as well as other smaller office buildings, and a branch of Northern Illinois University. Development of the business park is still ongoing, and recent additions in the 2000s include the 11,000-seat Now Arena; office buildings for Serta, WT Engineering, I-CAR, and Mary Kay; a Cabela's outdoor outfitters store; a 295-room Marriott hotel; and the 400,000-square-foot (37,000 m2) Poplar Creek Crossing Retail Center, which is anchored by Target and numerous other big-box retailers. Future development will include further office buildings and retail development, Sun Island Hotel and Water Park, an amphitheater, and restaurants.

In 2011, the Village of Hoffman Estates took over ownership of the Now Arena.[16] On June 23, 2020, the Village of Hoffman Estates approved an $11.5 million deal to rename the Sears Centre Arena to the "NOW Arena".[17]

In the fall of 2016, papers and artifacts from President Barack Obama's administration began to arrive in town, where they are being stored in a building on Golf Road. The site is their temporary home while construction takes place on the Barack Obama Presidential Center in Jackson Park, Chicago, and is not open to the public.[18]

In January 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed the second U.S. case of COVID-19 in a Hoffman Estates resident. The patient, a woman in her 60s returning from Wuhan, China, was treated at St. Alexius Medical Center.[19] Her husband was later infected in the first case of human-to-human transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the United States.[20]

Geography

[edit]

According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Hoffman Estates has a total area of 21.25 square miles (55.04 km2), of which 21.07 square miles (54.57 km2) (or 99.15%) is land and 0.18 square miles (0.47 km2) (or 0.85%) is water.[21]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
Census Pop. Note
1960 8,296  
1970 22,238   168.1%
1980 37,272   67.6%
1990 46,363   24.4%
2000 49,495   6.8%
2010 51,895   4.8%
2020 52,530   1.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[22]
2010[23] 2020[24]
Hoffman Estates village, Illinois – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[25] Pop 2010[23] Pop 2020[24] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 33,789 29,357 26,014 68.27% 56.57% 49.52%
Black or African American alone (NH) 2,141 2,393 2,472 4.33% 4.61% 4.71%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 54 60 69 0.11% 0.12% 0.13%
Asian alone (NH) 7,429 11,701 13,733 15.01% 22.55% 26.14%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 10 4 2 0.02% 0.01% 0.00%
Other race alone (NH) 73 70 183 0.15% 0.13% 0.35%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 801 1,013 1,579 1.62% 1.95% 3.01%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 5,198 7,297 8,478 10.50% 14.06% 16.14%
Total 49,495 51,895 52,350 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

As of the 2020 census[26] there were 52,530 people, 18,110 households, and 14,048 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,472.58 inhabitants per square mile (954.67/km2). There were 19,160 housing units at an average density of 901.86 per square mile (348.21/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 52.08% White, 26.26% Asian, 4.87% African American, 0.60% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 7.51% from other races, and 8.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.14% of the population.

There were 18,110 households, out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.71% were married couples living together, 11.97% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.43% were non-families. 18.07% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.43% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.16 and the average family size was 2.77.

The village's age distribution consisted of 23.1% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $92,423, and the median income for a family was $103,641. Males had a median income of $56,210 versus $42,288 for females. The per capita income for the village was $40,016. About 3.3% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

[edit]

Employers

[edit]

Many Japanese companies have their U.S. headquarters in Hoffman Estates and Schaumburg[27] but the largest employers in Hoffman Estates as of 2023[28] are:

No. Employer No. of employees
1 St. Alexius Medical Center 2,500
2 Siemens Medical Systems 400
3 Claire's[29] 400
4 Village of Hoffman Estates 370
5 FANUC America[30] 350
6 Vistex 350
7 Leopardo Companies, Inc. 300
8 Wells Fargo 300
9 The Salvation Army 270
10 Tate & Lyle 220

Education

[edit]

The village is served by several public school districts. The majority of residents who live in Schaumburg Township attend:

  • Township High School District 211 (9–12)[31]
  • Community Consolidated School District 54 (K–8)[32]

North Hoffman Estates (north of I-90) residents are served by:

  • Township High School District 211
  • Community Consolidated School District 15 (K–8)[33] (East of Huntington Blvd)
  • Barrington School District 220 (K–12) (Unit District) (West of Huntington Blvd).[34]

Residents west of Barrington Road primarily attend Unit School District, Elgin Area U46.

High schools

[edit]

Schools located in the Hoffman Estates village limits:

  • Hoffman Estates High School
  • James B. Conant High School

Other high schools in the same township high school district:

  • Schaumburg High School
  • William Fremd High School
  • Palatine High School

Community college

[edit]

Most of the village is served by Harper College Community College District 512.

Miscellaneous education

[edit]

The Xilin Northwest Chinese School (simplified Chinese: 希林西北中文学校; traditional Chinese: 希林西北中文學校; pinyin: XÄ«lín XÄ«bÄ›i Zhōngwén Xuéxiào) holds its classes at Conant High School in Hoffman Estates.[35] It serves grades preschool through 12.[36] The school predominately serves mainland Chinese families. In 2003 the school held its classes in Palatine High School in Palatine. In 2000 the school had served around 300 students. This figure increased almost by 100%, to almost 600 students. This made it one of the largest of the Chinese schools in the Chicago area.[37]

Library

[edit]
  • Barrington Area Library
  • Schaumburg Township District Library
  • Gail Borden Public Library District
  • Palatine Township Library

Sister city

[edit]

Hoffman Estates has one sister city:[38]

  • Angoulême, Charente, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France

Transportation

[edit]

Pace provides bus service on multiple routes connecting Hoffman Estates to Elgin, Rosemont, and other destinations.[39]

Notable people

[edit]
  • Tammy Duckworth, U.S. Senator from Illinois (2016–present)[40]
  • Rob Valentino (b. 1985), former soccer player who is an assistant coach for Atlanta United[41]
  • William Beckett, lead singer of the band The Academy Is...

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  2. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hoffman Estates, Illinois
  3. ^ "Hoffman Estates village, Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  4. ^ "The Sunderlage Smokehouse: Hoffman Eestates' National Register Landmark". History of Schaumburg Township: A Blog of the Schaumburg Township District Library. February 21, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Collins, Catherine (August 24, 1986). "Hoffman Estates Plans a Revamp of Future Image". Chicago Tribune.
  6. ^ "Hoffman Estates, IL". The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  7. ^ "HR0614 96th General Assembly". State of Illinois.
  8. ^ Davis, Robert (October 27, 1973). "U.S. indicts builder, seven ex-officials in suburb bribe". Chicago Tribune.
  9. ^ "History of Hoffman Estates". Village of Hoffman Estates. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  10. ^ "Name history of Hoffman Estates". Falcon Living. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  11. ^ a b Sulski, Jim (May 11, 2000). "Versatile Network Brings Workers to Prairie Stone Business Park". Chicago Tribune.
  12. ^ Bernstein, David (May 16, 2020). "The Sears Headquarters Deal Cost Taxpayers $500 Million. 30 Years Later, There's Little to Show for It". ProPublica.
  13. ^ Russis, Martha (December 28, 1994). "PRAIRIE STONE GETS ELECTRONIC FIRM FOR TENANT". Chicago Tribune.
  14. ^ Kerch, Steve (October 30, 1994). "GETTING THE NOD". Chicago Tribune.
  15. ^ "Village of Hoffman Estates: History of Hoffman Estates". Hoffmanestates.com. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  16. ^ Manson, Ken (December 23, 2009). "Suburb takes over Sears Centre". Chicago Tribune.
  17. ^ Zumbach, Lauren (June 23, 2020). "Sears name disappearing from another Chicago-area building. Hoffman Estates arena gets a new name this fall". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  18. ^ Skiba, Katherine (October 21, 2016). "Military Soon to Start Moving Obama's Papers to Hoffman Estates". Chicago Tribune. Washington DC. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  19. ^ "Coronavirus Confirmed In Chicago; Woman In Her 60s Being Treated For Symptoms". CBS Chicago. Chicago. January 24, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  20. ^ Hauck, Grace (January 30, 2020). "Chicago man is first US case of person-to-person coronavirus spread". USA Today. Chicago. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  21. ^ "Gazetteer Files". Census.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  22. ^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau.
  23. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Hoffman Estates village, Illinois". United States Census Bureau.
  24. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) –Hoffman Estates village, Illinois". United States Census Bureau.
  25. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Hoffman Estates village, Illinois". United States Census Bureau.
  26. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  27. ^ Selvam, Ashok. "Asian population booming in suburbs". Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, Illinois). March 6, 2011. Retrieved on June 19, 2013.
  28. ^ "Village of Hoffman Estates Comprehensive Annual Financial Report". June 25, 2024.
  29. ^ " FAQ Archived July 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine." Claire's. Retrieved on December 25, 2011. "Claire’s Stores, Inc. has its investor relations and customer service located in Pembroke Pines , Florida . The buying, marketing and distribution offices are located in Hoffman Estates, a suburb of Chicago . Please visit Contact Us if you would like to send correspondence to our corporate headquarters."
  30. ^ "Village of Hoffman Estates Top Employers". Hoffmanestates.org. March 21, 2012. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  31. ^ "d211.org". d211.org. Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  32. ^ "sd54.k12.il.us". sd54.k12.il.us. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original on February 1, 1998. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  33. ^ "ccsd15.net". ccsd15.net. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  34. ^ "cusd220.lake.k12.il.us". cusd220.lake.k12.il.us. Archived from the original on July 3, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  35. ^ "School Location." Northwest Xilin Chinese School. Retrieved on February 24, 2014. "School Address 700 East Cougar Trail,Hoffman Estates,IL 60194 Located at Conant High School campus."
  36. ^ "About Us." Northwest Xilin Chinese School. Retrieved on February 24, 2014.
  37. ^ Ray, Tiffany. "Schools connect students to China." Chicago Tribune. March 2, 2003. Retrieved on February 24, 2014.
  38. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. ^ "RTA System Map" (PDF). Retrieved January 30, 2024.
  40. ^ "Endorsement: Duckworth for U.S. Senate". Daily Herald. October 8, 2022.
  41. ^ "Rob Valentino Biography". ESPN. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
[edit]
  • Village of Hoffman Estates official website

 

A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that is an active structural element of a building, which holds the weight of the elements above it, by conducting its weight to a foundation structure below it.

Load-bearing walls are one of the earliest forms of construction. The development of the flying buttress in Gothic architecture allowed structures to maintain an open interior space, transferring more weight to the buttresses instead of to central bearing walls. In housing, load-bearing walls are most common in the light construction method known as "platform framing". In the birth of the skyscraper era, the concurrent rise of steel as a more suitable framing system first designed by William Le Baron Jenney, and the limitations of load-bearing construction in large buildings, led to a decline in the use of load-bearing walls in large-scale commercial structures.

Description

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A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that is an active structural element of a building — that is, it bears the weight of the elements above said wall, resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure.[1] The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick. By contrast, a curtain wall provides no significant structural support beyond what is necessary to bear its own materials or conduct such loads to a bearing wall.[2]

History

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Load-bearing walls are one of the earliest forms of construction.[3] The development of the flying buttress in Gothic architecture allowed structures to maintain an open interior space, transferring more weight to the buttresses instead of to central bearing walls. The Notre Dame Cathedral is an example of a load-bearing wall structure with flying buttresses.[4]

Application

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Depending on the type of building and the number of floors, load-bearing walls are gauged to the appropriate thickness to carry the weight above them. Without doing so, it is possible that an outer wall could become unstable if the load exceeds the strength of the material used, potentially leading to the collapse of the structure. The primary function of this wall is to enclose or divide space of the building to make it more functional and useful. It provides privacy, affords security, and gives protection against heat, cold, sun or rain.[5]

Housing

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In housing, load-bearing walls are most common in the light construction method known as "platform framing", and each load-bearing wall sits on a wall sill plate which is mated to the lowest base plate. The sills are bolted to the masonry or concrete foundation.[6]

A beam of PSL lumber installed to replace a load-bearing wall at the first floor of a three-story building.

The top plate or ceiling plate is the top of the wall, which sits just below the platform of the next floor (at the ceiling). The base plate or floor plate is the bottom attachment point for the wall studs. Using a top plate and a bottom plate, a wall can be constructed while it lies on its side, allowing for end-nailing of the studs between two plates, and then the finished wall can be tipped up vertically into place atop the wall sill; this not only improves accuracy and shortens construction time, but also produces a stronger wall.

Skyscrapers

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The Chicago Willis Tower uses a bundle of tube structures which, in turn, include numerous outer wall columns.

Due to the immense weight of skyscrapers, the base and walls of the lower floors must be extremely strong. Pilings are used to anchor the building to the bedrock underground. For example, the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building as well as the world's tallest structure, uses specially treated and mixed reinforced concrete. Over 45,000 cubic metres (59,000 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 t (120,000 short tons) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles, with each pile being 1.5 m diameter × 43 m long (4.9 ft × 141 ft) and buried more than 50 m (160 ft) deep.[7]

See also

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  • Column – in most larger, multi-storey buildings, vertical loads are primarily borne by columns / pillars instead of structural walls
  • Tube frame structure – Some of the world's tallest skyscrapers use load-bearing outer frames – be it single tube (e.g. the old WTC Twin Towers), or bundled tube (e.g. the Willis Tower or the Burj Khalifa)

References

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  1. ^ "How to Identify a Load-Bearing Wall". Lifehacker. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  2. ^ "Load-bearing wall". www.designingbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  3. ^ Montaner, Carme (2021-03-31). "8º Simposio Iberoamericano de Historia de la Cartografía. El mapa como elemento de conexión cultural entre América y Europa. Barcelona, 21 y 22 de octubre del 2020". Investigaciones Geográficas (104). doi:10.14350/rig.60378. ISSN 2448-7279. S2CID 233611245.
  4. ^ Mendes, Gilmar de Melo (2012). El equilibrio de la arquitectura organizativa desde el enfoque de agencia: estudio de un caso (Thesis). Universidad de Valladolid. doi:10.35376/10324/921.
  5. ^ "7 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS A BUILDING WALL SHOULD SATISFY". CivilBlog.Org. 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  6. ^ "What is Platform Framing? (with pictures)". wiseGEEK. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  7. ^ "Burj Khalifa, Dubai | 182168". Emporis. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
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Very happy with my experience. They were prompt and followed through, and very helpful in fixing the crack in my foundation.

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USS was excellent. They are honest, straightforward, trustworthy, and conscientious. They thoughtfully removed the flowers and flower bulbs to dig where they needed in the yard, replanted said flowers and spread the extra dirt to fill in an area of the yard. We've had other services from different companies and our yard was really a mess after. They kept the job site meticulously clean. The crew was on time and friendly. I'd recommend them any day! Thanks to Jessie and crew.

Jim de Leon

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It was a pleasure to work with Rick and his crew. From the beginning, Rick listened to my concerns and what I wished to accomplish. Out of the 6 contractors that quoted the project, Rick seemed the MOST willing to accommodate my wishes. His pricing was definitely more than fair as well. I had 10 push piers installed to stabilize and lift an addition of my house. The project commenced at the date that Rick had disclosed initially and it was completed within the same time period expected (based on Rick's original assessment). The crew was well informed, courteous, and hard working. They were not loud (even while equipment was being utilized) and were well spoken. My neighbors were very impressed on how polite they were when they entered / exited my property (saying hello or good morning each day when they crossed paths). You can tell they care about the customer concerns. They ensured that the property would be put back as clean as possible by placing MANY sheets of plywood down prior to excavating. They compacted the dirt back in the holes extremely well to avoid large stock piles of soils. All the while, the main office was calling me to discuss updates and expectations of completion. They provided waivers of lien, certificates of insurance, properly acquired permits, and JULIE locates. From a construction background, I can tell you that I did not see any flaws in the way they operated and this an extremely professional company. The pictures attached show the push piers added to the foundation (pictures 1, 2 & 3), the amount of excavation (picture 4), and the restoration after dirt was placed back in the pits and compacted (pictures 5, 6 & 7). Please notice that they also sealed two large cracks and steel plated these cracks from expanding further (which you can see under my sliding glass door). I, as well as my wife, are extremely happy that we chose United Structural Systems for our contractor. I would happily tell any of my friends and family to use this contractor should the opportunity arise!

Chris Abplanalp

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USS did an amazing job on my underpinning on my house, they were also very courteous to the proximity of my property line next to my neighbor. They kept things in order with all the dirt/mud they had to excavate. They were done exactly in the timeframe they indicated, and the contract was very details oriented with drawings of what would be done. Only thing that would have been nice, is they left my concrete a little muddy with boot prints but again, all-in-all a great job

Dave Kari

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What a fantastic experience! Owner Rick Thomas is a trustworthy professional. Nick and the crew are hard working, knowledgeable and experienced. I interviewed every company in the area, big and small. A homeowner never wants to hear that they have foundation issues. Out of every company, I trusted USS the most, and it paid off in the end. Highly recommend.

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